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Tuesday, June 25, 2024
Anatomy of the Colon
Tuesday, March 22, 2022
VAGUS NERVE
from Pub Med,
The sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) control and regulate the function of various organs, glands, and involuntary muscles throughout the body (e.g., vocalization, swallowing, heart rate, respiration, gastric secretion, and intestinal motility). The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a mixed nerve composed of 20% “efferent” fibers (sending signals from the brain to the body) and 80% “afferent” (sensory) fibers (carrying information from the body to the brain). The efferent cholinergic fibers are the main parasympathetic component of the ANS [1], but an important function of the vagus nerve is transmitting and/or mediating sensory information from throughout the body to the brain [2]. The right and left vagus nerves exit from the brainstem, and they course through the neck (in the carotid sheath between the carotid artery and jugular vein), upper chest (along the trachea), lower chest and diaphragm (along the esophagus), and into the abdominal cavity [3]. During this course, branches enervate various structures such as the larynx, pharynx, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. In the brainstem, the sensory afferent fibers terminate in the nucleus tractus solitarius, which then sends fibers that connect directly or indirectly to different brain regions. These regions include the dorsal raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, and orbitofrontal cortex.
Monday, March 8, 2021
Breathing Through the Nose Improves Your Health
This was an excellent assessment of our breathing, the apparatus of our mouths to teeth to the nasal cavity. You will never think about breathing the same ever again.
Though only a few of these are mentioned in the inter\view, it is a well-known and established fact that breathing through your nose has greater health effects on bodily functions and bodily form.
Quickly, Healthline offers a shortlist of the benefits of breathing through your nose and problems of breathing through your mouth.
Yet, breathing primarily through your mouth is associated with some health risks. With mouth breathing, your mouth loses moisture, which can cause dry mouth. It could also increase your risk of inhaling unfiltered air, of allergic reactions to allergens, asthma, bad breath, tooth decay, gum inflammation (gingivitis), snoring, sleep apnea, teeth or jaw abnormalities
Nose breathing is beneficial primarily because it allows your nasal
cavities to
1) Reduce exposure to foreign substances
2) Humidify and warm inhaled air
3) Increase airflow to arteries, veins, and nerves
4) Increase oxygen uptake and circulation
5) Slow down breathing
6) Improve lung volume
7) Help your diaphragm work properly
8) Lower your risk of allergies and hay fever
9) Reduce your risk of coughing
10) Aid your immune system
11) Lower your risk of snoring and sleep apnea, and
12) Support the correct formation of teeth and mouth
In the course of this interview, Nestor references a couple of people and their studies that I'd never heard of. One was Swedish breathing expert, Anders Olson.
A second was Yandell Henderson at Yale, who studied the benefits of CO2, you know, the very thing that the climate changers or climate alarmists or global warmers or globalists are trying to persuade force all of us to get less of. But Henderson's study at Yale is particularly interesting. According to Encyclopedia.com
Henderson’s greatest contribution to science was probably in the practical application of his ideas. He introduced the technique of administering a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen, instead of only oxygen, as a method of resuscitation. His conviction that carbon dioxide stimulated circulation and respiration led him to use carbon dioxide-oxygen inhalation as treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning, surgical shock, asphyxia of newborn babies, and similar conditions. This technique proved very successful and saved countless lives. Henderson also became involved in the design of mine rescue apparatus and in the fixing of ventilation standards for the Holland Tunnel. During World War I he supervised the production of gas masks for the Chemical Warfare Service of the U.S. Army.
One of Nestor's early references in the interview was to freediving. Rushcult explains that freediving is
any aquatic activity that involves holding your breath underwater”. Some examples of activities in water that would hence be a form of freediving include free-dive photography, breath-held spearfishing, apnea diving and synchronized swimming.
The host mentions diaphragmatic breathing. The words give you a clue, but specifically, it involves rapid breathing, a lot like the Wim Hof breathing method. The Cleveland Clinic explains that
Diaphragmatic breathing is intended to help you use the diaphragm correctly while breathing to. It helps strengthen the diaphragm. It decreases the work of breathing by slowing your breathing rate. It decreases your demand for oxygen. And you use less effort and energy to breathe.
At the 36-minute mark, Nestor mentions Wim Hoff's breathing method. What is that?
Sitting at home, you can easily try it for yourself. While sitting in a comfortable place, take 30 quick, deep breaths, inhaling through your nose and exhaling through your mouth. Then, take a deep breath and exhale; hold until you need to breathe in. Inhale again, as deep as you can, and hold it for 10 seconds. Repeat as many times as you like.
Learn more about Wim Hof's breathing at his website.
Since the fact that the brain-gut connection has been overwhelming established, even since Shakespeare's days, it is important to know that correcting your breathing will more than likely fix gut issues.
from Frontiers In Psychiatry
The final reference is Patrick McKeown, a breathing specialist of Ireland.
Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art, James Nestor, 2020.
Thursday, September 28, 2017
THE VAGUS NERVE . . . CONNECTS THE BRAIN TO ALMOST ALL THE VITAL ORGANS IN THE BODY
A 35-year-old man who had been in a persistent vegetative state (PVS) for 15 years has shown signs of consciousness after receiving a pioneering therapy involving nerve stimulation.
The treatment challenges a widely-accepted view that there is no prospect of a patient recovering consciousness if they have been in PVS for longer than 12 months.
Since sustaining severe brain injuries in a car accident, the man had been completely unaware of the world around him. But when fitted with an implant to stimulate the vagus nerve, which travels into the brain stem, the man appeared to flicker back into a state of consciousness.
He started to track objects with his eyes, began to stay awake while being read a story and his eyes opened wide in surprise when the examiner suddenly moved her face close to the patient’s. He could even respond to some simple requests, such as turning his head when asked–although this took about a minute.
Angela Sirigu, who led the work at the Institut des SciencesCognitives Marc Jeannerod in Lyon, France, said: “He is still paralysed, he cannot talk, but he can respond. Now he is more aware.”
Niels Birbaumer, of the University of Tübingen and a pioneer of brain-computer interfaces to help patients with neurological disorders communicate, said the findings, published in the journal Current Biology, raised pressing ethical issues. “Many of these patients may and will have been neglected, and passive euthanasia may happen often in a vegetative state,” he said.
“This paper is a warning to all those believing that this state is hopeless after a year.”
The vagus nerve, which the treatment targeted, connects the brain to almost all the vital organs in the body, running from the brain stem down both sides of the neck, across the chest and into the abdomen. In the brain, it is linked directly to two regions known to play roles in alertness and consciousness.
In surgery lasting about 20 minutes, a small implant was placed around the vagus nerve in the man’s neck. After one month of vagal nerve stimulation, the patient’s attention, movements and brain activity significantly improved and he had shifted into a state of minimal consciousness.
Recordings of brain activity also revealed major changes, with signs of increased electrical communication between brain regions and significantly more activity in areas linked to movement, sensation and awareness.
Similar stimulation has already been shown to help some patients with epilepsy and depression.
Sirigu and her team now hope to apply the same technique to patients with less serious brain injuries, where even more substantial improvements might be possible. There may even be patients, she said, whose cortex (the part of the brain used for cognitive tasks) is intact, but who have brain stem injuries that have led to limited awareness or consciousness.
The findings offer hope to the families of patients in PVS that it may one day be possible to re-establish some basic form of communication. However, some might also question whether such patients would wish to be made more acutely aware of being in a severely injured state.
“I cannot answer to this question,” said Sirigu. “Personally I think it’s better to be aware, even if it’s a bad state, to be conscious of what’s happening. Then you can have a decision if you want to go on or if you want [euthanasia].”
Damian Cruse, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Birmingham, described the findings as “pretty exciting”, adding that in future it might be possible to combine vagal nerve stimulation with other forms of rehabilitation.
“If you can just push the patient over the threshold so they can start responding to external stimulation you can maybe help them follow speech therapy and get them to a level where they can start to communicate,” he said.
During the past decade, scientists have made major advances in communicating with “locked in” patients using various forms of brain-computer interface.
These have allowed paralysed patients, some of whom had been assumed to be in PVS, to answer “yes” or “no” to questions to let their family and friends know their wishes and their state of wellbeing.