DR. ANTHONY CHAFFEE: Normal age-related atrophy is not evolutionary. It confers no survival advantage. If it does occur, it's caused by malnutrition over time.

We accept as normal that our brains are supposed to shrink as we age, and we say, "Well, that's normal age related atrophy."  But at the same time, we know that if you have certain nutrient deficiencies, like B12 in the normal ranges you can still get brain atrophy.  Your brain is shrinking by half a percent or 1% per year. Oxford showed that in 2008 in a published study they did, so and that's in the normal range of B12.  And they said, "Well, . . . my doctor said my B12 is fine."  Well, I can tell you it's probably not.  If your doctor didn't say it was too high, then it's it's not fine.  Because we were just going by reference ranges and doctors just go by reference range.  Well, those are the reference ranges that we use, okay.  But did you look them up and see if they're actually useful?  Because the next Lab down the road, they have completely different reference ranges. So who's right?  And you have a patient that goes to one lab or the other lab and you get one says fine and one says too high.  Well, what is it?  You're making objective decisions based on arbitrary figures.  If you were an architect or an engineer that did that and used arbitrary measures,  buildings and buildings are falling down.  People are dying.  Your accountant that used artificial figures, they'd be in prison.  When you use, you know, imaginary arbitrary figures and measures for humans,  health collapses.  Instead of buildings, it's your health. No other animal in the wild eating their natural diet has normal age related atrophy. There's actually a study where they looked at 99 chimpanzees and did MRIs looking at them, comparing them to people aging over time.  And they had no degeneration in their brain.  Their brain didn't shrink at all.  They had no atrophy as they age at any point.  They even concluded that this is an abnormality in humans that our brains shrink over time.  And they said this is evolutionary anomaly.  But it's not, it can't be evolutionary.  That's not a survival advantage, that's a big disadvantage.  So it doesn't make any damn sense.  And so I think that's malnutrition over time.